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C
Self-control can make you happier not only in the long-run, but also in the moment.
The research showed that self-control isn’t about giving up desires, but more about managing conflicting goals. Since most people consider highly self-controlled ones as being more task-centered, the scientists decided to find out the connection between self-control and people’s happiness to determine if being self-disciplined leaves people feel less joyful.
Through a set of tests-including one that assessed 414 middle-aged participants on self-control and another that randomly interviewed volunteers on their smart phones about their mood and any desires they might be experiencing, researchers found a strong connection between higher levels of self-control and satisfaction.
The smart phone experiment also showed how self-control may improve mood. Those who showed the greatest self-control reported more good moods and fewer bad ones. But this didn’t appear to be linked to being more able to resist temptation(誘惑)—it was because they exposed themselves to fewer situations that might inspire desires in the first place. They were doing a number of things that bring them happiness and avoiding problematic desires and conflicts.
That became clear in the study’s last experiment, which looked into how self-control affects the way people handle goals that conflict with one another. In particular, the researchers were interested in how self-disciplined and less-disciplined people differed when it came to choosing among “virtues” and “vices” like the pleasure of eating sugar cookie vs. the pain of gaining weight. Participants were asked to list three important goal conflicts they experienced regularly and were also questioned on how they managed to balance the goals.
The highly self-controlled showed an obvious difference from those with less discipline over their lives. They tended to avoid creating situations in which their goals would conflict, and reported fewer instances of having to choose between short-term pleasure and long-term pain. As a result, they experienced fewer negative emotions.
And self-control doesn’t always mean self-denial: it may mean saving now to get big payoff later. For dieters, it means making choices to avoid entering a bakery since you are more likely to buy a cupcake. Granted, self-control isn’t the best way to instant satisfaction, but it may bring something even better: long-term contentment.
28. According to the research, the self-controlled people _____.
A. enjoy less pleasure of life
B. focus less on completing their tasks
C. make others feel less delighted
D. are better solving problems and conflicts
29. From the smart phone experiments, the researchers found self-controlled people _____.
A. like to challenge more goals
B. may have more good moods
C. are easier to resist temptation
D. are less satisfied with their life
30. Different from the less-controlled ones, the highly self-controlled people_____.
A. rarely prefer pleasures
B. often create conflicting goals
C. like to put up with pain
D. stay away from negative emotions
31. The underlined word ‘self-denial’ in the last paragraph probably means______.
A. self-sacrifice
B. self-help
C. self-confidence
D. self-improvement
D
In a class this past December, after I wrote some directions on the board for students about their final examination, one young woman quickly took a picture of the board using her smart phone. When I looked in her direction, she apologized: “Sorry. Was it wrong to take a picture?”
“I can’t read my own handwriting ,”the young woman explained.“It’s best if I take a picture of your writing so I can understand the notes.”
That remark started a class-wide conversation about taking a picture instead of taking notes. For those in the photo-taking camp, motivations extended beyond their inability to comprehend their own handwriting. Some took pictures of notes because they knew their phone was a safe place to store material. They might lose paper, they reasoned, but they wouldn’t lose their phones. Some took photos because they wanted to record exactly the manner in which I had noted information on the board. Others told me that during class they liked to be able to listen to the discussion attentively.
Yet the use of cameras as note takers, though it may be convenient, does raise significant questions for the classroom. Is a picture an effective replacement for the process of note-taking?
Instructors encourage students to take notes because the act of doing so is more than merely recording necessary information—it helps prepare the way for understanding. Encouraging students to take notes may be an old-fashioned instructional method, but just because a method has a long history doesn’t mean it’s out of date. Writing things down engages a student’s brain in listening, visual, and kinesthetic(觸覺的)learning—a view supported by a longstanding research. The act of writing down information enables a person to begin committing it to memory, and to process and combine it, establishing the building blocks of learning new concepts.
Taking a picture does indeed record the information, but it deletes some of the necessary mental engagement that taking notes employs. So can the two be equally effective?
I’m not sure how to measure the effectiveness of either method. For now, I allow students to take notes however they see fit—handwritten or photographed—because I figure that some notes, no matter the method of note-taking, are better than none.
32. The woman apologized in the class because she_________.
A. took a picture of the board
B. missed the teachers’ directions
C. had the bad handwriting
D. disturbed other students’ learning
33. Students refuse to take notes by hand because__________.
A. they are unable to take notes
B. they are more likely to lose notes
C. they are interested in using their phones
D. they have a good memory of teachers’ instructions
34. According to the passage, taking notes by hand__________.
A. requires students to think independently
B. is unsuitable for students to learn new ideas
C. helps students actively participate in learning
D. proves to be an old and useless learning method
35. What’s the author’s opinion towards taking notes by phones?
A. Supportive.
B. Neutral.
C. Doubtful.
D. Disapproving.
第二節(jié)(共5小題,每小題2分,滿分10分)
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
False Fear of Big Fish
Many people believe sharks are dangerous and will always try to hurt or even kill humans. __36__
A shark exhibition at the National Aquarium(水族館) in Baltimore, US, proves this. Visitors can touch young sharks, see their eggs develop and watch a dozen different species swim smoothly around a huge tank.
Most people fail to realize that attacks don’t happen very often. Humans are more likely to be killed by lightening than by a shark. __37__. There, kids can learn, from an early age, not to fear sharks.
“People fear what they don’t know,” said Nancy Hotchkiss, an organizer of the exhibition. “Shark have been around for 400 million years and play an important role in the ocean’s food chain. We want people to discover that sharks are amazing animals that need our respect and protection.”
__38__. A study, published in January in the US magazine, Science, found that almost all recorded shark species have fallen by half in the past 8 to 15 years.
Thousands of sharks are hunted in Asia for special foods, such as shark fin(魚翅) soup. And many others get caught in nets, while fishermen are hunting other fish. __39__
“Some fishing methods are actually cleaning out the ocean for sharks,” said Dave Schofield, the manager of the aquarium’s ocean health program. __40__
A. They can watch them develop inside their eggs and feel the skin of the older swimmers.
B. A shocking 100 million sharks are killed every year around the world by humans.
C. In fact, 94 percent of the world’s 400 species are harmless to humans.
D. It is a worrying situation and some areas have put measures in place to protect these special fish.
E. And to make this point clear, the museum has set up a special touching pool for children.
F. More than half of the sharks caught are smaller than 1 meter long.
G. Sharks can smell and taste blood, and trace it back to its source.
第三部分:
英語知識運用(共兩節(jié),滿分45分)
第一節(jié)完形填空(共20小題;每題1.5分,滿分30分)
閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的四個選項(A、 B 、C 、D)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
It is universally acknowledged that fresh food is beneficial to our health. As a small child, I didn’t know about the benefits of fresh food. __41__, I considered canned fish and fruit, bottled soft drinks and __42__ snacks to be the most appetizing (令人垂涎的). As I learned to prefer fresh and __43__ foods to the artificial taste of chemically-enhanced snacks, I began to __44__ starting a vegetable garden in our backyard.
“What would it take?” I asked my mom. We had the space and were __45__ to take care of the plants every day. __46__ doing some research online, we __47__ to dig out a space of 16 square feet in our yard. It would have to be at least a foot deep __48__ with a raised vegetable bed, the vegetables would have two feet of depth to grow.
It was February of 2013. We knew that we had to work __49__ if we wanted to plant vegetables that spring. That month, every day after school, I pushed __50__ the tough clay (粘土) under our lawn with a large shovel (鏟子). Luckily, the rain made the soil __51__, and before we knew it, we had finished digging the bed. Next came my favorite part: shopping for __52__ and plants. By June, our plants, especially the tomatoes, were growing __53__. We had never __54__ such fresh tomatoes; they were so sweet that you could almost taste the __55__ in them. To give our friends gifts, we packed jars of our little tomatoes. We also __56__ Italian pasta sauce with our tomatoes and basil (羅勒,一種香料). It reassured (使…放心) us to know that we were eating healthy and fresh produce.
The work we put into our vegetable garden was __57__ worthwhile. As long as we had the __58__ to start and maintain the garden, we __59__ a bountiful (大量的) harvest for the entire summer and fall in return. Thanks to the success of my vegetable garden, I can say that if the __60__ of life is to be happy, I’m one little step closer.
41. |
A. Otherwise |
B. Instead |
C. Therefore |
D. Likewise |
42. |
A. prepared |
B. preserved |
C. prevented |
D. protected |
43. |
A. particular |
B. delicious |
C. nutritious |
D. special |
44. |
A. think about |
B. worry about |
C. adapt to |
D. appeal to |
45. |
A. absent |
B. late |
C. satisfied |
D. willing |
46. |
A. Before |
B. Since |
C. As |
D. After |
47. |
A. led |
B. refused |
C. decided |
D. afforded |
48. |
A. so that |
B. now that |
C. as long as |
D. even though |
49. |
A. quickly |
B. hardly |
C. gradually |
D. suddenly |
50. |
A. over |
B. through |
C. across |
D. beyond |
51. |
A. harder |
B. softer |
C. heavier |
D. deeper |
52. |
A. flowers |
B. fruits |
C. seeds |
D. vegetables |
53. |
A. at risk |
B. with care |
C. in excitement |
D. like crazy |
54. |
A. tasted |
B. sensed |
C. watched |
D. smelt |
55. |
A. tear |
B. cloud |
C. sunshine |
D. wind |
56. |
A. cooked |
B. offered |
C. provided |
D. supplied |
57. |
A. rather than |
B. other than |
C. no more than |
D. more than |
58. |
A. fact |
B. force |
C. doubt |
D. willpower |
59. |
A. received |
B. accepted |
C. spent |
D. fulfilled |
60. |
A. way |
B. quality |
C. goal |
D. standard |
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