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第三部分 閱讀理解(共15小題;每小題2分, 滿分30分)
閱讀下列短文, 從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中, 選出最佳選項(xiàng), 并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
A
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NEMS |
NEWRI Environmental
Master of Science |
NEWRI: Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute |
|
Be a leader in environmental science and engineering
through the NEMS programme |
NEWRI Environmental Master of Science(NEMS) is a primary graduate education and research programme conducted by Nanyang Technological University’s (NTU’s) NEWRI, with summer attachment at Stanford University. It aims to train engineers and scientists to meet the increasing environmental challenges for Asia and the wider region. |
NEWRI-Nanyang Environment &
Water Research Institute
NEWRI is enabling Singapore to be a global center of environmental science and technology in providing technological solutions to the world. It is committed to environmental and water technologies through its ecosystem of education, research and developmental activities.
NEWRI is trying its best to pull together NTU’s water and environment-related centers and institutes, gathering one another’s strengths for the benefit of industry and society. |
Master of Science Applications
● Applications open now and close on 30 May 2013 for Singapore applicants.
● Graduates having relevant engineering or science background, including final-year students, are invited to apply.
● Applicants are required to have a certificate of GRE.
Further information and application materials are available at the Website:
http:// www. Cee.ntu.edu.sg/Graduate/NEMS |
Highlights of Programme:
★ Students spend a full summer term at Stanford taking regular courses and continue with the rest of their academic programme at NTU.
★ It is a 12-month full-time course in environmental science & engineering.
★Students under NEMS will have opportunities to do research projects under NEWRI as well as to continue for the Doctor’s degree.
★ Graduating students receive the NTU degree and a certificate from Stanford for their summer attachment. |
Scholarship for tuition grants and living expenses at both Stanford and NTU are available. |
Enquiry contact: Ms Christian Soh
Tel:(65) 6861 0507 Fax:(65) 68614606
Email: nems@ntu.edu.sg
Information on other graduate programmes available at:
www.ntu.edu.sg/cee/program/postgrad.asp |
61. If one wants to apply for the NEMS programme, it is essential for him to ________.
A. have passed the GRE test B. make contact with Ms Soh
C. possess a university diploma D. major in engineering or science
62. Students admitted to the NEMS Programme _________.
A. are required to obtain a Doctor’s degree
B. will first have regular courses at Stanford
C. needn’t be released from their regular jobs
D. can receive degrees of both NTU and Stanford
63. What’s the main purpose of the NEMS programme?
A. To offer scholarship for tuition grants and living expenses.
B. To strengthen the cooperation between NTU and Stanford.
C. To train experts on environmental science and engineering.
D. To introduce Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute.
B
Listening to music while you drive can improve your speed and ability to get away from accidents, according to Australian psychologists. But turning your car radio up to full volume could probably make you end up in an accident. The performance of difficult tasks can be affected if people are subjected to loud noise. The experience of pulling up at traffic lights alongside cars with loud music made some psychologists in the University of Sydney look into whether loud music has something to do with driving.
The psychologists invited 60 men and women aged between 20 and 28 as subjects and tested them on almost the same driving tasks under three noise conditions: silence, rock music played at a gentle 55 decibels(分貝), and the same music at 85 decibels.
For 10 minutes the subjects sat in front of a screen operating a simple machine like a car. They had to track a moving disk on screen, respond to traffic signals changing color, and brake in response to arrows that appeared without warning.
On the tracking task, there was no difference in performance under the three noise conditions. But under both the loud and quiet music conditions, the performers “braked” at a red light about 50 milliseconds sooner than they did when there was no rock music at all. That could mean a reduction in braking distance of a couple of meters actually, the difference between life and death for a pedestrian.
When it came to the arrows that appeared across the visual field, the psychologists found that when the music was quiet,people responded faster to objects in their central field of sight by about 50 milliseconds. For the people listening at 85 decibels, response times dropped by a further 50 milliseconds—a whole tenth of second faster than those “driving” with no music.
“But there’s a trade-off,” the psychologists told the European Congress of Psychology. “They lose the ability to look around the whole situation effectively.” In responding to objects that suddenly appeared, people subjected to 85-decibel rock music were around 100 milliseconds slower than both the other groups. Since some accidents—such as children running into the road—take place without any notice, drivers listening to loud music must be less safe as a result.
64. Which of the following is the best way to make driving safer?
A. Loud music. B. Quiet music. C. Silence. D. Heavy metal music.
65. Where did the researchers do the experiment?
A. At crossroads. B. At a police traffic station.
C. In a crowded street. D. Under the same conditions as those of the streets.
66. Which of the following didn’t help the performers to “brake” sooner at red lights?
A. Silence. B. Loud music.
C. Quiet music. D. Rock music.
67. Which of the following is NOT true of loud music?
A. It helped the performers to brake sooner at red lights.
B. It helped the performers to be more careful.
C. It helped the performers to respond faster to objects suddenly stepping in the way.
D. It can do more good than harm to drivers.
C
Grasshoppers are having to change their song—one of the iconic sounds of summer—to make themselves heard above the noise of road traffic, ecologists have discovered. The study, published in the British Ecological Society's journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations. Animals use sound to communicate for many reasons, including marking out territory, warning of predators and finding mates, and although previous research shows birds, whales and even frogs change their calls in noisy environments, the impact of human-made noise on insects has been neglected until now. Ulrike Lampe and colleagues from the University of Bielefeld in Germany caught 188 male bow-winged grasshoppers, half from quiet locations and half from beside busy roads. The grasshoppers use their song to attract mates.
The team then studied the differences in the two groups' songs in the laboratory. To encourage them to sing they exposed the males to a female grasshopper, and then recorded their courtship songs. Analysis of almost 1,000 recordings revealed grasshoppers living beside noisy roads produced different songs to those living in quieter locations.
According to Lampe: "Bow-winged grasshoppers produce songs that include low and high frequency components. We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats increase the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum(頻譜)."
The team's findings are important because traffic noise could be upsetting the grasshopper's mating system(交配系統(tǒng)). "Increased noise levels could affect grasshopper courtship in several ways. It could prevent females from hearing male courtship songs properly, prevent females from recognizing males of their own species, or impair females' ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song," Lampe explains.
Having discovered that human-made noise affects insect communication, the researchers now want to learn more about how the mechanism works, and whether the grasshoppers adapt to noise during their development as larvae(幼蟲), or whether males from noisy habitats produce different songs due to genetic differences.www.ks5u.com
The bow-winged grasshopper is a common species in Central Europe. Adults occur mainly between July and September, preferring dry grasslands. Around 1.5 cm long, they vary in colour from green and browns to red and purple. The male's song consists of 2 second-long phrases that increase in amplitude (振幅) towards the end. The beginning of a phrase is characterized by slower ticking sounds that increase in speed and amplitude, leading to a buzzing sound towards the end of the phrase. A courtship song usually includes 2 phrases.
68. The author wrote the article to _________________.
A. introduce how grasshoppers make noises to attract mates.
B. raise the awareness of protecting bow-winged grasshoppers.
C. warn us that human-made noise has changed ecological system.
D. inform us of a recent discovery of ecological research.
69. Which of the following could be the main idea of the passage?
A. Grasshoppers change their songs to adapt to the noisy environment.
B. Bow-winged grasshoppers use their songs to communicate.
C. Grasshoppers’ songs include both low and high frequency components.
D. Bow-winged grasshoppers are a common species in Central Europe.
70. What does the underlined word “impair” in the fourth paragraph mean?
A. repair B. weaken C. develop D. improve
71. Which of the following statements is true according the passage?
A. Grasshopper larvae learn to adapt to human-made noise.
B. Animals make sounds only for the purpose of finding mates.
C. Road noise can cover the lower-frequency part of their song.
D. Bow-winged grasshoppers grow up into adults in spring.
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